Elbow Examination
Moving Valgus Stress Test: Elbow MCL Injury Assessment
What Is the Moving Valgus Stress Test Used For? The Moving Valgus Stress Test is a clinical orthopedic…
All Medical Special Tests
Browse all published orthopedic and medical special tests, ordered alphabetically.
Spine Examination
Naffziger Test: Purpose, Procedure, Positive Sign, and Clinical Significance
The Naffziger Test, also called Naffziger's Sign or the Jugular Compression Test, is a traditional neurological examination maneuver…
Shoulder Examination
Neer Test for Shoulder Impingement: Procedure, Positive Findings & Diagnostic Accuracy
The Neer test, also known as the Neer impingement test, is a clinical shoulder examination maneuver used to…
Hip Examination
Noble’s Test for Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS): Procedure & Interpretation
Lateral knee pain is a common complaint in runners, cyclists, and active adults, and iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)…
Wrist & Hand Examination
Normal Finger Range of Motion (ROM): MCP, PIP, and DIP Joint Degrees
Learn the normal finger range of motion (ROM) for MCP, PIP, and DIP joints, including flexion, extension, joint…
Hip Examination
Normal Hip Range of Motion: Degrees for Flexion, Extension and Rotation
Learn the average hip range of motion in degrees for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation, plus the…
Knee Examination
Normal Knee Range of Motion: Flexion, Extension and Rotation Explained
Learn normal knee range of motion in degrees, including flexion, extension, rotation and ligament laxity, plus what you…
Shoulder Examination
Norwood Stress Test: Purpose, Procedure, and Interpretation
The Norwood Stress Test is a clinical orthopedic examination used to assess posterior shoulder instability, particularly posterior subluxation…
Shoulder Examination
O’Brien’s Test for SLAP Tears: How to Perform & Interpret
Learn how to perform O'Brien's Test (Active Compression Test), interpret positive results, and understand its accuracy in diagnosing…
Hip Examination
Ober’s Test: Purpose, Step-by-Step Technique, and How to Interpret Results
What Is Ober’s Test Used For? Ober’s test is a hands-on orthopaedic exam. Clinicians use it to check…
Neurological Examination
Oculocephalic Reflex (Doll’s Eyes Reflex): How to Perform, Results & Clinical Meaning
Learn how to perform the oculocephalic (doll's eyes) reflex, how to read positive and negative results, and what…
Neurological Examination
Oppenheim Test: A clinical guide to purpose, step-by-step technique & result interpretation
The Oppenheim test is a bedside neurological maneuver that looks for an extensor plantar response, one of the…
Pediatrics Examination
Ortolani’s Test: Purpose, Procedure, Positive Result, and Clinical Significance
Ortolani’s test is a clinical examination maneuver used to identify developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in newborns…
Knee Examination
Patellar Apprehension Test: Technique, Positive Sign & Accuracy
Learn what the patellar apprehension test is, how to perform it step by step, what a positive result…
Knee Examination
Patellar Ballottement Test (Patellar Tap Test): How to Perform It and the Results
Learn how to perform the patellar ballottement test (patellar tap test), how to read a positive result, and…
Spine Examination
Patellar Reflex Test (Knee-Jerk Reflex): Purpose, Procedure, Nerve Roots & Grading
Learn how to perform the patellar reflex test, assess L3–L4 nerve roots, grade knee-jerk responses, and interpret abnormal…
Knee Examination
Patellofemoral Crepitation Test: Technique, Interpretation & Chondromalacia Patella
Learn how to perform the patellofemoral crepitation test, what "snowball crunch" crepitus means, and how it helps assess…
Knee Examination
Patellofemoral Grind Test: How to Perform & Interpret Results
Learn what the patellofemoral grind test (Clarke's sign) is used for, how to perform it step by step,…
Hip Examination
Patrick’s Test (FABER Sign): Technique, Positive Results & Hip/SI Joint Diagnosis
Learn how to perform Patrick's Test (FABER sign), what a positive result means, and which hip, groin, posterior…
Hip Examination
Pelvic Drop Test: Purpose, Step-by-Step Method, and Results
The pelvic drop test is a simple, equipment-light clinical test. Physical therapists, sports medicine clinicians, and orthopedic professionals…
Hip Examination
Pelvic Ligaments Tests: How to Perform and Interpret Results
Learn how to perform the pelvic ligaments tests for the iliolumbar, sacrospinous, sacroiliac and sacrotuberous ligaments, and what…
Wrist & Hand Examination
Phalen’s Test: How to Perform It, Positive Signs & Accuracy
Learn how to perform Phalen’s test for carpal tunnel syndrome, recognize positive results, understand sensitivity and specificity, and…
Spine Examination
Pheasant Test – Purpose, Procedure, Positive Signs & Clinical Significance
Learn how to perform the Pheasant Test, interpret positive findings, and assess lumbar instability and nerve root irritation,…
Hip Examination
Phelps Test: How to Assess Gracilis Muscle Contracture
What Is the Phelps Test? The Phelps test is a clinical examination used to assess contracture of the…